CHAPTER
II
LITERATURE
LITERATURE
A. Description of Theory
1 . Mutations
1 . Mutations
a.
Understanding
Mutation
"
Mutations are the activities of school leaders to move employees from the work
of others that are considered equivalent or equal " , ( Alex S. Nitisemito
2002:118 )
"
The transfer of an employee is put on the exact spot , and in order to get the
employee job satisfaction and provide maximum achievement . An
organization / agency employees move for reasons " ( M. Manulang ,
2002:122 ) :1 ) The need to adjust while for example because
someone does not come to work . 2 ) Addressing the emergency due to fluctuations in the volume of work . 3 ) The need for exercise , for example, rotation of office . Based on the second opinion can be concluded that the activities of employees at the same level or move parallel to and at the exact spot in order to get job satisfaction and deliver maximum work .
someone does not come to work . 2 ) Addressing the emergency due to fluctuations in the volume of work . 3 ) The need for exercise , for example, rotation of office . Based on the second opinion can be concluded that the activities of employees at the same level or move parallel to and at the exact spot in order to get job satisfaction and deliver maximum work .
b.
Objective
Mutation
The
purpose of mutation by Mudjiono ( 2000) , are as follows :
1 . To improve poduktivitas kayawan .
2 . Anatar To create balance workforce with little job composition or office .
3 . To expand or add to the knowledge of employees .
4 . To relieve boredom / saturated tehadap work .
5 . To give fillip that employees want to work to improve higher career .
6 . Boosters in order to increase the working spirit through open pesaingan .
7 . To adjust the work to the employee 's physical condition .
Moreover mutation goals contained in the Government Regulation No. 43 Year 1999 , on the Fundamentals of Civil Service is as follows :
a) The increase in labor productivity .
b ) Utilization of employees .
c ) Development of a career .
d ) Addition of experts on units that need .
e ) Charging positions unfilled vacancies .
f ) As a punishment .
c . function Mutations
" The primary function of the mutation is to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the teachers in the school " . ( Wahyudi , 2002) . In increasing work efficiency of teachers , mutation should be used as the driving motivation in carrying out the duties and responsibilities as a teacher .
Because the mutation positions or transfer the work function is a policy that can be used as motivation to foster cooperative relationships with other teachers in achieving the educational goals of the school and can create maximum performance .
Of opinion and the above description it can be concluded that the mutation should be a motivation to work in order to create a good working relationship with the staff and with the teachers in order to avoid boredom at work .
d . Principles of Mutation
" The principle of mutation that is based on the principle the right man on the right job , the implementation of the selection carried out to meet the labor demands of the principle " . (Narrated Survey . 2008) . Placement should be done in a way that is most beneficial various parties and as objective as possible , despite the fact that employment is not necessarily the first fully guarantee that the school will get the right labor at the right job .
Despite various constraints aim to place workers for the right jobs often encountered , but to realize these objectives is not enough with the selection and placement programs . Management should actively conduct continuous evaluation , the evaluation because the management can carry mutations in the workforce .
e . Factors Contributing to Occurrence of Mutations
Sastrohadiwiryo ( 2002 : 214 ) suggests there are three types of mutation causes of the teachers , namely :
1 ) logical or rational factor
Rejection is done with consideration of the time required to adjust , extra effort to learn again , the possibility of a less than desirable situation such as a decrease in the level of skill because the post does not allow the formation , as well as the economic losses incurred by the school .
2 ) Psychological Factors
Rejection based on psychological factors that made this a rejection based on emotions , sentiments and attitudes . Such as fears of something previously unknown , low tolerance for change , do not like the leadership or other agents of change , lack of trust in the other party , the need for security .
3 ) Sociological factors ( interest groups )
Rejection occurs due to several reasons , among others, political conspiracy , contrary to the value of the group , self-interest and the desire to maintain a relationship ( relationship) that exists now .
In a program held a mutation , labor must consider the factors that are considered objective and rational , partly because of the policy and regulatory decision-makers (principals ) , in principle, to improve morale as a medium of rational competition , for promotion , reducing labor turnover and must be coordinated .
Similarly, promotion , transfer office is also an important role in an attempt to hold and use , and take advantage of all that exists in the school so that all in accordance with its function . Mutation positions is one way to organize the human element to be able to work even harder in order to achieve school goals . For that reason, the human element that needs to be nurtured , developed and arranged in such a way to work together in carrying out the duties and responsibilities given to the school .
2nd . Motivation Teacher Working
a. Understanding Work Motivation Guru
Teachers' work motivation is encouragement or interest to work in the belief that the expectations or needs will be met through the work done , so that it works more optimal effort .
What is meant by " motivation is the driving force for the greatest possible contribution to the success of the organization to achieve its objectives . With that understanding , the achievement of organizational goals means also achieved personal goals of the members of the organization " . ( Siagian , 2002: 102 ) .
Another opinion says that " motivation is the process or the factors that drive people to act or behave in a certain way " . ( Moekijat , 2001: 5 ) .
Of the opinion can be concluded that motivation is a strong impetus , arising from within oneself to act or behave in order to achieve the desired goal .
b . Elements of Work Motivation Movers
Motivation will be determined by a person's work motivators . Motivator in question is a driving motivation to work , giving rise to influence the behavior of the individual concerned . Sagir Suharsimi cited by Bedjo Siswanto , ( 2001) , in his book " Workforce Management " , suggests that the driving elements of motivation as follows :
1 . Achievement
A person who has a desire achievement as needs ( needs) that can drive a person to achieve a goal . Therefore, it will work as hard as possible to achieve the feat .
2 . Award
Award recognition for an achievement that has been accomplished by a person will be a strong motivator . Recognition of achievement will give inner satisfaction higher than the awards in the form of materials or gifts . Recognition awards in the form of plaque can make a more powerful motivator than the gifts of goods or money .
3 . Challenges
The challenges facing a strong motivator for humans to handle . A target that does not oppose or can easily be achieved is usually not able to be mativator , because further challenges will usually regenerate excitement activities to address them .
4 . Responsibilities
And a sense of belonging will cause one's motivation to work harder and also feel responsible in many ways . That way someone would come burdened loyal to the problem and is also responsible for finding solutions any problems occur .
5 . Development
The development of a good person's ability or work experience opportunity to move forward , is a strong motivator for people to work harder or more passionately , especially if development is always associated with a person's work performance .
6 . Involvement
The taste was involved in a decision-making process is quite strong motivator , because it can be used as input for an institution .
7 . Opportunities
Opportunity to advance a strong motivator for an employee , a person who carries toward better or progress . By chance an employee will try to work harder to achieve better results in achieving the occasion .
According to the above opinion , the driving element of motivation can deliver energy to stimulate and heighten the excitement of an employee to be more active in the work according to the rules defined by mutual respect , mutual need , mutual understanding and respect .
c . Forms of Work Motivation
In general, the forms of motivation are often adopted by an organization or government agency by Bedjo Siswanto ( 2001:247 ) . Includes four (4 ) main elements , namely :
1 . Compensation form of money
One of the most frequent form of motivation is given to employees in the form of compensation . Compensation is normally tangible money . Compensation in the form of money as a motivating force to always have a good reputation , although this method is less precise because all people will do anything to increase their income . The fear of losing jobs , where a job as one of the effective motivators .
2 . Directing and Controlling
Briefing in question is to provide guidance to employees about what they should do and what they should not do , while the control in question is to determine a suitable employee with field work and continuous supervision over the work of a person . Direction and control necessary to obtain optimal performance . Direction and control must be carefully planned so that the results are effective and achieve goals to motivate employees .
3 . Determining optimal working patterns
In general , the reaction to the boredom of work pose a barrier to employee productivity . Because it is a leader in an agency should be sensitive and responsive to face this kind of problem . For it is necessary to determine the patterns of work that involves all employees , in accordance with their respective fields . Employees are given full responsibility for the work but the other employees are given sufficient working facilities , tools, appropriate work . Determination of the optimal working patterns will increase employee motivation to excel .
4 . Policies
Policies can be defined as an action that needs to be taken deliberately by management to influence the attitudes or feelings of the employees . In other words, the policy is an attempt to make employees happy . At the bottom you'll enjoy here is the relationship charismatic and moral leadership .
d . Components Work Motivation
important components of work motivation " Steers & Porter " Mc Cormick & ILgen , (1989 : 371 ) :
1 . Components Energy , the force or effort that caused the behavior .
2 . Components Direction , which arise in the form of behavior directed behavior . Ex: a person who needs money then directed behavior arising in business to make money .
3 . Components Maintenance , namely the maintenance or attempt to maintain behavior that has occurred in accordance with the work environment .
In the opinion of the above it can be concluded that the components in question can change behavior and increase the motivation to work .
e . Factors Affecting motive for work
Fujanoraga in his book " physiology of work " (2000: 53 ) mentions several factors that affect work motivation include: ( a) interesting work ( b ) good wages ( c ) the safety and protection in the work ( d ) appreciation of the purpose and meaning employment ( e ) environment or a good working atmosphere ( f ) the promotion and development of themselves in line with the organization ( g ) was involved in the organization's activities .
Siagian ( 2002: 138 ) states that the factors that affect work motivation include: ( 1 ) " The purpose and goals of the organization ( 2 ) the satisfaction of certain requirements , and ( 3 ) The existence of dependence " ;
1 ) Goals and Objectives Organization
Motivation is directly related to the achievement of business goals and objectives of the organization . Things that are on this view that the goals and objectives of the organization has covered personal goals and objectives of the members . This is very important because as we know, the main driver for a person to work and enter a particular organization is protection of and fulfillment of various vested interests , although this individualistic tetapai subordinates always associate the motivation given to the achievement of personal interest .
2 ) The satisfaction Against Specific Needs
Seen from the above definitions is that certain businesses as a result of the motivation . This means that the motivation is the relationship between business and the satisfaction of certain requirements , in other words that the greater one's business if the result will satisfy a variety of needs .
3 ) The existence of tranquility
Work motivation is always associated with the fulfillment of needs , it means that an unsatisfied needs create " tension " which in turn give rise to specific impulse in a person . Thus it can be said that a motivated worker who actually are in an atmosphere of tension . To eliminate the tension they perform certain business .
From the above it can be concluded that exposure to real work motivation is influenced by many factors , both in terms of the needs of both personal and organizational , good wages , interesting work , the satisfaction of certain requirements , an example of which is intended . Security and protection in employment , the environment or the working environment is good , promotion and development of themselves in line with the development of the organization , was engaged in the goals and objectives of the organization is an example of an organization that is affected .
f . Effect of Mutations Against Teacher Work Motivation
Mutation is basically a transfer of employees ( teachers ) of a kejabatan other positions that are parallel , but people often interpret mutation as a punishment for mistakes made by a teacher . In a society tartentu when you hear the word mutation , they assume the person who transferred it is people who have made a mistake or abuse of position . But keep in mind that the mutation is actually made to do a refresher so it does not cause saturation in executing a job .
School as an institution has many elements in it such as ; human activities , objectives , tools and so forth . School can be seen as an organization that is in the field of education . In an effort to achieve the educational goals set by the school between human interaction with each other like ; teacher to student , teacher to teacher , teacher to the staff and so forth . Interaction is done to establish a school organization that would be different between the organization of the school with other school organizations . Mutations will affect the behavior of the personnel ( teachers ) school teacher working as motivation in performing his daily duties at school .
Mutations will give a good effect on school personnel in carrying out their duties to achieve the goals of education in schools . It is therefore a principal's leadership position or function mutations do work , so mutated teachers provide good work against the good of the school and the impact that is , able to increase the motivation of the other teachers at school in order to achieve the objectives of national education in general and learning objectives in particular .
School as an educational institution aimed at improving teachers' motivation to work with based on forms of work motivation which consists of four (4 ) main elements , namely : cash compensation , direction and control , determination of optimal work patterns and policies . Work motivation of teachers before and after the mutation transferred varies , because mutations can not guarantee increased work motivation of teachers , it is also influenced by the form of cash compensation so that later the teacher will provide good work , directing and controlling the work presented by the concerned principals work can also increase the motivation of the teachers before and after the mutation transferred .
On the basis of the increased work motivation of teachers so that the determination of optimum work done that will be able to provide maximum work that principals provide a policy of his work with the aim of eliminating the tedium / saturation in the work and to create a balance between the composition of the workforce with job or positions and expand or add to the knowledge of employees .
1 . To improve poduktivitas kayawan .
2 . Anatar To create balance workforce with little job composition or office .
3 . To expand or add to the knowledge of employees .
4 . To relieve boredom / saturated tehadap work .
5 . To give fillip that employees want to work to improve higher career .
6 . Boosters in order to increase the working spirit through open pesaingan .
7 . To adjust the work to the employee 's physical condition .
Moreover mutation goals contained in the Government Regulation No. 43 Year 1999 , on the Fundamentals of Civil Service is as follows :
a) The increase in labor productivity .
b ) Utilization of employees .
c ) Development of a career .
d ) Addition of experts on units that need .
e ) Charging positions unfilled vacancies .
f ) As a punishment .
c . function Mutations
" The primary function of the mutation is to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the teachers in the school " . ( Wahyudi , 2002) . In increasing work efficiency of teachers , mutation should be used as the driving motivation in carrying out the duties and responsibilities as a teacher .
Because the mutation positions or transfer the work function is a policy that can be used as motivation to foster cooperative relationships with other teachers in achieving the educational goals of the school and can create maximum performance .
Of opinion and the above description it can be concluded that the mutation should be a motivation to work in order to create a good working relationship with the staff and with the teachers in order to avoid boredom at work .
d . Principles of Mutation
" The principle of mutation that is based on the principle the right man on the right job , the implementation of the selection carried out to meet the labor demands of the principle " . (Narrated Survey . 2008) . Placement should be done in a way that is most beneficial various parties and as objective as possible , despite the fact that employment is not necessarily the first fully guarantee that the school will get the right labor at the right job .
Despite various constraints aim to place workers for the right jobs often encountered , but to realize these objectives is not enough with the selection and placement programs . Management should actively conduct continuous evaluation , the evaluation because the management can carry mutations in the workforce .
e . Factors Contributing to Occurrence of Mutations
Sastrohadiwiryo ( 2002 : 214 ) suggests there are three types of mutation causes of the teachers , namely :
1 ) logical or rational factor
Rejection is done with consideration of the time required to adjust , extra effort to learn again , the possibility of a less than desirable situation such as a decrease in the level of skill because the post does not allow the formation , as well as the economic losses incurred by the school .
2 ) Psychological Factors
Rejection based on psychological factors that made this a rejection based on emotions , sentiments and attitudes . Such as fears of something previously unknown , low tolerance for change , do not like the leadership or other agents of change , lack of trust in the other party , the need for security .
3 ) Sociological factors ( interest groups )
Rejection occurs due to several reasons , among others, political conspiracy , contrary to the value of the group , self-interest and the desire to maintain a relationship ( relationship) that exists now .
In a program held a mutation , labor must consider the factors that are considered objective and rational , partly because of the policy and regulatory decision-makers (principals ) , in principle, to improve morale as a medium of rational competition , for promotion , reducing labor turnover and must be coordinated .
Similarly, promotion , transfer office is also an important role in an attempt to hold and use , and take advantage of all that exists in the school so that all in accordance with its function . Mutation positions is one way to organize the human element to be able to work even harder in order to achieve school goals . For that reason, the human element that needs to be nurtured , developed and arranged in such a way to work together in carrying out the duties and responsibilities given to the school .
2nd . Motivation Teacher Working
a. Understanding Work Motivation Guru
Teachers' work motivation is encouragement or interest to work in the belief that the expectations or needs will be met through the work done , so that it works more optimal effort .
What is meant by " motivation is the driving force for the greatest possible contribution to the success of the organization to achieve its objectives . With that understanding , the achievement of organizational goals means also achieved personal goals of the members of the organization " . ( Siagian , 2002: 102 ) .
Another opinion says that " motivation is the process or the factors that drive people to act or behave in a certain way " . ( Moekijat , 2001: 5 ) .
Of the opinion can be concluded that motivation is a strong impetus , arising from within oneself to act or behave in order to achieve the desired goal .
b . Elements of Work Motivation Movers
Motivation will be determined by a person's work motivators . Motivator in question is a driving motivation to work , giving rise to influence the behavior of the individual concerned . Sagir Suharsimi cited by Bedjo Siswanto , ( 2001) , in his book " Workforce Management " , suggests that the driving elements of motivation as follows :
1 . Achievement
A person who has a desire achievement as needs ( needs) that can drive a person to achieve a goal . Therefore, it will work as hard as possible to achieve the feat .
2 . Award
Award recognition for an achievement that has been accomplished by a person will be a strong motivator . Recognition of achievement will give inner satisfaction higher than the awards in the form of materials or gifts . Recognition awards in the form of plaque can make a more powerful motivator than the gifts of goods or money .
3 . Challenges
The challenges facing a strong motivator for humans to handle . A target that does not oppose or can easily be achieved is usually not able to be mativator , because further challenges will usually regenerate excitement activities to address them .
4 . Responsibilities
And a sense of belonging will cause one's motivation to work harder and also feel responsible in many ways . That way someone would come burdened loyal to the problem and is also responsible for finding solutions any problems occur .
5 . Development
The development of a good person's ability or work experience opportunity to move forward , is a strong motivator for people to work harder or more passionately , especially if development is always associated with a person's work performance .
6 . Involvement
The taste was involved in a decision-making process is quite strong motivator , because it can be used as input for an institution .
7 . Opportunities
Opportunity to advance a strong motivator for an employee , a person who carries toward better or progress . By chance an employee will try to work harder to achieve better results in achieving the occasion .
According to the above opinion , the driving element of motivation can deliver energy to stimulate and heighten the excitement of an employee to be more active in the work according to the rules defined by mutual respect , mutual need , mutual understanding and respect .
c . Forms of Work Motivation
In general, the forms of motivation are often adopted by an organization or government agency by Bedjo Siswanto ( 2001:247 ) . Includes four (4 ) main elements , namely :
1 . Compensation form of money
One of the most frequent form of motivation is given to employees in the form of compensation . Compensation is normally tangible money . Compensation in the form of money as a motivating force to always have a good reputation , although this method is less precise because all people will do anything to increase their income . The fear of losing jobs , where a job as one of the effective motivators .
2 . Directing and Controlling
Briefing in question is to provide guidance to employees about what they should do and what they should not do , while the control in question is to determine a suitable employee with field work and continuous supervision over the work of a person . Direction and control necessary to obtain optimal performance . Direction and control must be carefully planned so that the results are effective and achieve goals to motivate employees .
3 . Determining optimal working patterns
In general , the reaction to the boredom of work pose a barrier to employee productivity . Because it is a leader in an agency should be sensitive and responsive to face this kind of problem . For it is necessary to determine the patterns of work that involves all employees , in accordance with their respective fields . Employees are given full responsibility for the work but the other employees are given sufficient working facilities , tools, appropriate work . Determination of the optimal working patterns will increase employee motivation to excel .
4 . Policies
Policies can be defined as an action that needs to be taken deliberately by management to influence the attitudes or feelings of the employees . In other words, the policy is an attempt to make employees happy . At the bottom you'll enjoy here is the relationship charismatic and moral leadership .
d . Components Work Motivation
important components of work motivation " Steers & Porter " Mc Cormick & ILgen , (1989 : 371 ) :
1 . Components Energy , the force or effort that caused the behavior .
2 . Components Direction , which arise in the form of behavior directed behavior . Ex: a person who needs money then directed behavior arising in business to make money .
3 . Components Maintenance , namely the maintenance or attempt to maintain behavior that has occurred in accordance with the work environment .
In the opinion of the above it can be concluded that the components in question can change behavior and increase the motivation to work .
e . Factors Affecting motive for work
Fujanoraga in his book " physiology of work " (2000: 53 ) mentions several factors that affect work motivation include: ( a) interesting work ( b ) good wages ( c ) the safety and protection in the work ( d ) appreciation of the purpose and meaning employment ( e ) environment or a good working atmosphere ( f ) the promotion and development of themselves in line with the organization ( g ) was involved in the organization's activities .
Siagian ( 2002: 138 ) states that the factors that affect work motivation include: ( 1 ) " The purpose and goals of the organization ( 2 ) the satisfaction of certain requirements , and ( 3 ) The existence of dependence " ;
1 ) Goals and Objectives Organization
Motivation is directly related to the achievement of business goals and objectives of the organization . Things that are on this view that the goals and objectives of the organization has covered personal goals and objectives of the members . This is very important because as we know, the main driver for a person to work and enter a particular organization is protection of and fulfillment of various vested interests , although this individualistic tetapai subordinates always associate the motivation given to the achievement of personal interest .
2 ) The satisfaction Against Specific Needs
Seen from the above definitions is that certain businesses as a result of the motivation . This means that the motivation is the relationship between business and the satisfaction of certain requirements , in other words that the greater one's business if the result will satisfy a variety of needs .
3 ) The existence of tranquility
Work motivation is always associated with the fulfillment of needs , it means that an unsatisfied needs create " tension " which in turn give rise to specific impulse in a person . Thus it can be said that a motivated worker who actually are in an atmosphere of tension . To eliminate the tension they perform certain business .
From the above it can be concluded that exposure to real work motivation is influenced by many factors , both in terms of the needs of both personal and organizational , good wages , interesting work , the satisfaction of certain requirements , an example of which is intended . Security and protection in employment , the environment or the working environment is good , promotion and development of themselves in line with the development of the organization , was engaged in the goals and objectives of the organization is an example of an organization that is affected .
f . Effect of Mutations Against Teacher Work Motivation
Mutation is basically a transfer of employees ( teachers ) of a kejabatan other positions that are parallel , but people often interpret mutation as a punishment for mistakes made by a teacher . In a society tartentu when you hear the word mutation , they assume the person who transferred it is people who have made a mistake or abuse of position . But keep in mind that the mutation is actually made to do a refresher so it does not cause saturation in executing a job .
School as an institution has many elements in it such as ; human activities , objectives , tools and so forth . School can be seen as an organization that is in the field of education . In an effort to achieve the educational goals set by the school between human interaction with each other like ; teacher to student , teacher to teacher , teacher to the staff and so forth . Interaction is done to establish a school organization that would be different between the organization of the school with other school organizations . Mutations will affect the behavior of the personnel ( teachers ) school teacher working as motivation in performing his daily duties at school .
Mutations will give a good effect on school personnel in carrying out their duties to achieve the goals of education in schools . It is therefore a principal's leadership position or function mutations do work , so mutated teachers provide good work against the good of the school and the impact that is , able to increase the motivation of the other teachers at school in order to achieve the objectives of national education in general and learning objectives in particular .
School as an educational institution aimed at improving teachers' motivation to work with based on forms of work motivation which consists of four (4 ) main elements , namely : cash compensation , direction and control , determination of optimal work patterns and policies . Work motivation of teachers before and after the mutation transferred varies , because mutations can not guarantee increased work motivation of teachers , it is also influenced by the form of cash compensation so that later the teacher will provide good work , directing and controlling the work presented by the concerned principals work can also increase the motivation of the teachers before and after the mutation transferred .
On the basis of the increased work motivation of teachers so that the determination of optimum work done that will be able to provide maximum work that principals provide a policy of his work with the aim of eliminating the tedium / saturation in the work and to create a balance between the composition of the workforce with job or positions and expand or add to the knowledge of employees .
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